Interrogating Chilean community psychology in times of crisis

The social outbreak that occurred in Chile in October 2019, added to the COVID-19 pandemic, has made visible and exacerbated inequities of all kinds in the country (health, work, housing, education etc). This has resulted in the activation of various social and community processes that try to reverse situations of injustice and also to subvert the economic and social logic that has led us to this situation. In this scenario, the question arises, what can Chilean Community Psychology contribute to this crisis? An attempt is made to answer this question in this chapter, which addresses, from an integrated perspective, the various alternatives that our discipline has to contribute to this process of social transformation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) El estallido social que se produjo en Chile en octubre de 2019, sumado a la pandemia por COVID-19, ha hecho visibles y ha agudizado las inequidades de todo tipo en el pais (salud, trabajo, vivienda, educacion, etc.). Lo anterior ha tenido como consecuencia la activacion de diversos procesos sociales y comunitarios que intentan, por un lado, revertir las situaciones de injusticia y, por otro, subvertir la logica economica y social que nos ha llevado a esta situacion. En este escenario surge la pregunta: ?que puede aportar la psicologia comunitaria chilena en esta crisis? A esta interrogante se intenta dar respuesta en este capitulo que aborda desde una mirada integrada las diversas alternativas que tiene nuestra disciplina para aportar a este proceso de transformacion social. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Comprensión, confianza y ética en las entrevistas con personas migrantes

Qualitative social research on the lives of migrants in Chile involves investigating the social suffering that arises from the "migratory condition" that is produced. The progressive recrudescence of migration policies both at national and international level since the end of the 20th century has further deepened the effects of the COVID 19 pandemic, generating a complex scenario for research in this area for two reasons: the online modality assumed by the interviewing exercise, and the increase of frictions in the relationship between Chileans and migrants. In this text we ask ourselves how to investigate someone who suffers, for which we stop, on the one hand, in the interview as an exercise that should be vigilant of the structural conditions in which it occurs and that can produce symbolic violence, while it should tend to the understanding of the social from the singularity of a life that the interview attends. This implies considering that the ethics of research runs through the very exercise of, in this case, the interview, so that it is not an external constraint to the method, but an integral part of its deployment. Informed consents play a fundamental role in the achievement of the above, however, they often turn out to be standardized protocols that fail to protect or inform the participating subjects, given their technical language and the little reflection on the social relationship they establish, with the result that Informed Consent ends up being installed in the distance between the researcher and the research participant. This is why it is necessary to stop and consider what is understood by ethics, in order to make the interview a fair institution that is built on the recognition of the other as part of the research exercise. Thus, ethics in qualitative social research must be recognized as both situated and, therefore, as reflexive and non-standardized. Thus, we conclude by arguing that in qualitative social research, understanding and ethics are imbricated in a single exercise.

RED-EMAR - A Chilean pilot initiative of early detection and intervention in clinical high-risk subjects

The COVID-19 crisis has had a significant impact on the mental health of adolescents and young adults in South America. As a result, the appearance of a higher incidence of anxiety and depressive disorders in these countries have been documented and could lead to the appearance of severe mental health disorders. In this context, the prevention and early intervention in mental health is a current challenge in Central and South America. Since the last decade, the existence of initiatives in this field has been mapped in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina, mostly in first episode psychosis programs. However, Chile is the only country in South America with a multicentre prospective initiative for early detection and intervention in clinical high-risk subjects (called RED-EMAR). The aim of RED-EMAR is disseminate the value of the at-risk mental state concept (abbreviated to EMAR in Spanish), establish agreed therapeutic strategies in this field, and establish potential new evidence-based local interventions. The successful experiences of this network include the monitoring and discussion of clinical cases in telemedicine and the development of mental health psychoeducation guidelines. However, Insufficient resources, stigma, and the lack of mental health public policies are some of the weaknesses of this initiatives in South America. The development and access to early detection and intervention services in South America could be a window of opportunity to reduce the impact of severe mental health disorders such as psychosis and related disorders and move towards an approach aimed at prevention or delaying its onset.

Personal experience of Latin American therapists on their clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic

The health conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic severely restricted in-person therapy, and as a result online therapy was put into practice. The objective of this study was to describe and analyse, from the perspective of the therapist, how the pandemic has influenced their experience and clinical practice. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 Latin American therapists who had performed online therapy during the pandemic. The information was analysed following the coding procedures of the Grounded Theory. Three core categories were constructed from the analysis: (a) impact on the therapist: spiral of uncertainty, oppression and adaptive astonishment;(b) incorporation of technologies into clinical practice: 'I never thought they could help';and (c) transformation of the practice of psychotherapy: 'water always finds its way'. The model incorporates and relates therapists' perceptions of their professional work, patients' attitudes towards this new psychotherapy method, perception of the therapeutic relationship and process, and the facilitators and obstacles experienced in online therapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) Las condiciones de salud generadas por la pandemia por COVID-19 restringieron severamente la terapia presencial, y se puso en practica la no presencial. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar desde la perspectiva del terapeuta, como la pandemia ha influido en su experiencia y en su practica clinica. Se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas a 24 terapeutas latinoamericanos que habian realizado terapia no presencial durante la pandemia. La informacion fue analizada siguiendo los procedimientos de codificacion de la Teoria Fundamentada. A partir del analisis se construyeron tres categorias axiales a) Impacto en el terapeuta: Espiral de incertidumbre, agobio y asombro adaptativo;b) Incorporacion de las tecnologias a la practica clinica: 'nunca pense que podia servir';y c) Transformacion del ejercicio de la psicoterapia: 'el agua siempre encuentra su camino'. El modelo incorpora y relaciona: las percepciones de los terapeutas sobre su trabajo profesional, las actitudes de los pacientes hacia esta nueva modalidad de psicoterapia, la percepcion de la relacion y el proceso terapeuticos, asi como los facilitadores y obstaculos experimentados en la terapia no presencial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

COPD Exacerbation Profile in Chile: Preliminary Results from Integramedica Cohort 2018-2020

Objectives: To describe demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and exacerbations in a cohort of patients with COPD in Chile. Method(s): Retrospective cohort study using INTEGRAMEDICA (a network of ambulatory medical centers) electronic medical records of patients with COPD aged >=40 years at index with data available one year before (baseline) and after (follow-up) index. Index date was fixed at 28-Feb-2019 to avoid including data from the COVID-19 pandemic. Moderate and severe exacerbations were defined as prescription of systemic corticosteroid/antibiotics and emergency visit/hospitalization, respectively. Result(s): In total, 19,000 patients were included. In the baseline period, 86% (n=16,400) had no moderate or severe exacerbations (NMSE), 13% (n=2,503) had only moderate exacerbations (OME) and <1% (n=96) had >=1 severe exacerbation (SEV). Mean age/proportion of females was: 64 years/60% (total cohort), 65 years/59% (NMSE), 61 years/67% (OME) and 73 years/62% (SEV). The four most frequent comorbidities were: hypertension (total: 17.6%;NMSE: 16.2%;OME: 26.0%;SEV: 24.0%), asthma (total: 8.9%;NMSE: 7.8%;OME: 15.3%;SEV: 17.7%), diabetes type 1/2 (total: 6.3%;NMSE: 5.9%;OME: 9.1%;SEV: 7.3%) and congestive heart failure (total: 3.2%;NMSE: 3.2%;OME: 2.9%;SEV: 4.2%). The proportion of patients with >=1 moderate/severe exacerbation during follow-up was 14% (total), 10% (NMSE), 38% (OME) and 35% (SEV). The severe exacerbation rate was 2.00 per 1,000 person-years in the overall population and increased based on exacerbation history (NMSE: 0.91;OME: 1.60;SEV: 197.92) Conclusion(s): Preliminary results indicate that severe exacerbations were more frequent in patients with a history of SEV compared with patients with a history of OME or NMSE. In addition, comorbidities were more frequent in patients with a history of exacerbation. To improve patient health outcomes, strategies with a multisectoral approach should be prioritized as COPD can coexist with, and be aggravated by, other chronic comorbidities. Funding(s):GSK [209968].Copyright © 2023

FORMACIÓN E INSERCIÓN DE PERSONAS DOCTORADAS EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANAS EN AMÉRICA LATINA

Aunque con diferencias en cada caso nacional, se trata de un proceso que se intensifica a mediados de la década de 1990 y en los años 2000 en el caso de los doctorados, como indican estudios sobre el tema.1 Esa tendencia se asocia a tres factores clave vinculados a las políticas públicas para el sector: apoyo a la formación doctoral, principalmente a través de becas nacionales provenientes de los organismos de gobierno de la educación superior y/o de los sistemas científico-tecnológicos;institucionalización de regulaciones basadas en dispositivos nacionales de evaluación de la calidad educativa, con avances en los procesos y procedimientos de acreditación, evaluación de la calidad y categorización de programas, que posibilitaron la institucionalización de una cultura evaluativa para el doctorado;y estrategias de internacionalización promovidas -con distintas intensidades en cada caso nacional- por las instituciones de educación superior y las políticas de evaluación y fomento, que las consideran un requisito para la excelencia académica. Así, es posible afirmar que los doctorados comienzan a ocupar un espacio mayor en la agenda de investigación, con la consecuente ampliación de temas que abordan. También las desigualdades de género, geopolíticas y/o socioeducativas, que condicionan las trayectorias doctorales, ganan mayor expresión en la producción científica sobre el tema. Sin embargo, los déficits y diferencias que presentan las informaciones de las estadísticas nacionales en cada caso resultan en un obstáculo importante a ser enfrentado por quienes invierten en ese tipo de producciones (De la Fare;Rovelli, 2021;Unzué;Emiliozzi, 2013). Además, en el escenario social y educativo reconfigurado a partir de la pandemia de la COVID-19, los programas y la formación doctoral enfrentan nuevos desafíos en el marco de situaciones que dieron mayor visibilidad a las desigualdades educativas y a los obstáculos de la implementación de una virtualidad improvisada para el amplio conjunto de estudiantes.

ALGUNOS TEMAS PARA PROFUNDIZAR LA INVESTIGACIÓN EDUCATIVA EN MÉXICO

No es la excepción con el actual, lo que de nueva cuenta hace patente la amplitud del campo de la investigación educativa y la variedad de propuestas convocadas por nuestra revista. Un hallazgo que vale la pena resaltar es que la mayor parte de la investigación sobre el tema fue identificada en Chile, Brasil y Argentina;de México únicamente se encontró un trabajo en las bases consultadas (Web of Science, Scopus y SciELO), de Carlota Guzmán (Guzmán Gómez, 2017). Sin salir de la educación formal, pero sí en un escenario distinto al tradicional, al de la escuela, la investigación de Sánchez-Guzmán y Hamui-Sutton da cuenta de la experiencia subjetiva de médicas(os) en formación en un hospital de tercer nivel. La educación en el hospital conlleva procesos marcados por distintas violencias, el testimonio de la residente entrevistada es por demás elocuente: "En el fondo, la vida del hospital es infeliz [...] La lectura del texto deja la sensación de que hay una especie de caja negra en este ámbito formativo que amerita ser desvelada en mucha mayor medida a través de la investigación sobre el tema;además, claro está, de los cambios en las dinámicas y condiciones que hoy en día siguen prevaleciendo en clínicas y hospitales;en este sentido concluyen las autoras: "generar estrategias para la prevención y atención de la violencia requiere cambios en la cultura médica y de las instituciones que conforman el campo médico".

An Agent-Based and Microsimulated Model of the Epidemiology Impact of Closure of Schools during the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Region of Aysen in Chile

This paper analyzes the impact on the spread of the COVID-19 virus of making virtual the educational system in the Region of Aysen in Chile. The analyzes is made through a mix of agent-based modelling and microsim-ulation techniques, using multiple sources of administrative and census data. The behavior of 103,000 habitants of the region is modeled during each one of the seven days of the week, for 10 weeks. The diffusion of the virus is mod-eled as consequence of the social interaction of the individuals in five different environments: home, the transportation system, at work, the educational sys-tem and in places of entertainment. The results show that the closure of the educational system is important to flatten the curve of contagious. In a world where people don't do social distancing, it could lower R0 by one unit.

Long-lasting brain fog is related with severity clusters of symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Background: COVID-19 patients may experience lon-lasting symptoms from weeks to even months. Aim: to evaluate long-term cognitive impairment based on the severity

Background: COVID-19 patients may experience lon-lasting symptoms from weeks to even months. Aim: To evaluate long-term cognitive impairment based on the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 infection in a primary health system setting. Material and methods: From a database of 363 patients, 83 cases aged 47 +or- 15 years, (58% females) were selected from June to August 2020. In patients who survived the virus, 24 infection-related symptoms were collected to create three severity clusters (mild, moderate, and severe). The follow-up time was at least seven months. Comparing the first two clusters with the severe cluster, the existence of brain fog and risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease, and hypothyroidism) were analyzed. Results: Thirty-one patients (37%) had persistent symptoms lasting up to 240 days. Fifty-one patients (61%) experienced brain fog. Concentration was affected by symptom severity (odds ratio [OR] 3.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-10.46, p = 0.02). Short- or long-term memory loss was not affected. Moreover, symptom severity was related to brain fog (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.05-9.51, p = 0.04). Patients with persistent symptoms had a concentration impairment associated with severity patterns (OR 24.3, 95% CI 1.73-340.11, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Brain fog is associated with symptom severity in COVID-19 survivors and lasts for more than eight months.

Vacunación COVID-19 y Respuesta de los Mercados Financieros Latinoamericanos: GCG

La pandemia por COVID-19 ha traído grandes consecuencias económicas en los mercados. Este trabajo analiza la relación entre el avance de programas de vacunación y mercados financieros latinoamericanos. Se utiliza un enfoque de análisis de coherencia Wavelet para evaluar el movimiento conjunto de los mercados y el avances de estrategias de inoculación en base a datos diarios de Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México. Los resultados muestran que el avance de los programas de vacunación en los países latinoamericanos tienen efectos positivos y significativos en los rendimientos de sus mercados financieros.Alternate :The COVID-19 pandemic has had major economic consequences in the markets. This paper analyzes the relationship between the progress of vaccination programs and Latin American financial markets. A Wavelet coherence analysis approach is used to evaluate the co-movement of markets and the progress of inoculation strategies based on daily data from Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. The results show that the progress of vaccination programs in Latin American countries has positive and significant effects on the returns of their financial markets.Alternate :A pandemia da COVID-19 teve consequências económicas importantes nos mercados. Este documento analisa a relação entre o progresso dos programas de vacinação e os mercados financeiros latino-americanos. Uma abordagem de análise de coerência Wavelet é utilizada para avaliar o co-movimento dos mercados e o progresso das estratégias de inoculação com base em dados diários da Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México. Os resultados mostram que o progresso dos programas de vacinação nos países da América Latina tem efeitos positivos e significativos no retorno dos seus mercados financeiros.

Efficiency estimation on the use of elective surgical theaters in the Chilean public health system from 2018 to 2021

OBjECTivE The efficient use of wards intended for elective surgeries is essential to resolve cases on the surgical waiting list. This study aims to estimate the efficiency of ward use in the Chilean public health system between 2018 and 2021.METHoDS The design was an ecological study. Section A.21 of the database constructed by the monthly statistical summaries that each public health network facility reported to the Ministry of Health between 2018 and 2021 was analyzed. Data from subsections A, E, and F were extracted: ward staffing, total elective surgeries by specialty, number, and causes of cancelation of elective sur-geries. Then, the surgical performance during working hours and the percentage of hourly oc-cupancy for a working day was estimated. Additionally, an analysis was made by region with data from 2021.RESulTS The percentage of elective wards relative to staffed wards ranged from 81.1% to 94.1%, while those enabled in relation to staffed wards ranged from 70.5% to 90.4% during 2018 and 2021. The total number of surgeries was highest in 2019 (n = 416 339), but for 2018, 2020, and 2021 it ranged from 259 000 to 297 000. Cancelations ranged between 10.8% (2019) and 6.9% (2021), with the leading cause being patient-related. When analyzing the number of cases canceled monthly by facility, we saw that the leading cause was trade union-related. The maximum throughput of a ward intended for elective surgery was reached in 2019 with 2.5 surgeries;in 2018, 2020, and 2021, the throughput was around two surgeries per enabled ward for elective surgery. The percentage of ward time occupied during working hours as compared to a contract day ranged from 80.7% (2018) and 56.8% (2020). CoNCluSioNS All the parameters found and estimated in this study show an inefficient utilization of operating rooms in Chilean public healthcare facilities.

NURSING STUDENT'S VIEWS ON THE DUTY OF CARE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN TWO COUNTRIES

Background: The shortage of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic made it necessary to recruit nursing students to provide care. Although research suggests that the care that students provided was invaluable, their views on ethical concerns and dilemmas related to the duty of care remain unexplored.Objectives: Using predefined hypotheses, a cross-sectional study was conducted to explore students' well-being and views on the duty of care.Method: Between May and June 2020, Chilean and Spanish nursing students participated in a web-based survey, including the 5-Item WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and views on the duty of care reported through a scale related to beliefs about pandemics. Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, χ2 tests, and multivariable log-linear analysis were used to explore differences between nursing students in Spain and Chile and to examine the relationships between categorical variables.Results: Students (N = 183) from both countries self-reported low levels of psychological well-being (WHO-5, M = 10.8, SD = 4.3). Concerning ethical statements, although most students from both countries (71%) agreed that nurses and doctors have a duty of care, significant differences were found concerning the statement that every healthcare worker has a duty to work during a health emergency (39% agreement in Chile and 74% in Spain;p < 0.001).Conclusions: Students reported emotional and ethical challenges associated with the pandemic. Besides receiving help to deal with ethical challenges and given that a significant proportion of students from both countries reported low well-being, we recommend developing strategies to mitigate and enhance students' well-being.

Interferon 1beta-1a ring prophylaxis to reduce household transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Introduction/Aim: Accumulating evidence indicates that an early, robust type 1 interferon (IFN) response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for COVID-19 outcomes. Our objective was to examine the prophylactic potential of IFN treatment to limit viral transmission Methods: A cluster-randomised clinical trial was undertaken to determine effects of IFNbeta-1a treatment on SARS-CoV-2 household transmission (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04552379). Index cases were identified from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in Santiago, Chile, with 341 index cases and 831 household contacts enrolled. Households received 125 mug subcutaneous pegylated-IFNbeta-1a on days 1, 6, & 11 (172 households, 607 participants), or standard care (169 households, 565 participants). Primary outcomes included: (1) duration of viral shedding in infected cases (IC-INF), (2) transmission to treatment-eligible household contacts (EHC-ITT) at day 11. Result(s): Of 1172 individuals randomised, 53 individuals withdrew from the study (IFNbeta-1a = 35, SOC = 18). Eighty-two households (IFNbeta-1a = 36, SOC = 46) where the index case was SARS-CoV-2 negative on days 1 & 6, or with no SARS-CoV-2 negative contacts at recruitment, were excluded from exploratory analyses. Treatment with IFNbeta-1a: had no effect on duration of viral shedding in the IC-INF population (primary outcome 1), had no effect on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at day 11 in the EHC-ITT population (primary outcome 2) but an effect was observed in a sensitivity analysis at day 6 (EHC-ITT: OR = 0.493, 95% CI = 0.256-0.949), reduced duration of hospitalisation in the IC-INF population and incidence of hospitalisation in per-protocol index cases (secondary outcome 3). In exploratory frequentist analysis, a significant effect of IFNbeta-1a treatment on SARS-CoV-2 transmission by day 11 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.36-0.99), and a Bayesian analysis identified a significant reduction in the odds of transmission (OR = -0.85, 95% credible interval = -1.59--0.16). Conclusion(s): Ring prophylaxis with IFNbeta-1a had no effect on duration of viral shedding but reduces the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to uninfected, post-exposure contacts within a household.

A Study on Information Disorders on Social Networks during the Chilean Social Outbreak and COVID-19 Pandemic

Information disorders on social media can have a significant impact on citizens' participation in democratic processes. To better understand the spread of false and inaccurate information online, this research analyzed data from Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. The data were collected and verified by professional fact-checkers in Chile between October 2019 and October 2021, a period marked by political and health crises. The study found that false information spreads faster and reaches more users than true information on Twitter and Facebook. Instagram, on the other hand, seemed to be less affected by this phenomenon. False information was also more likely to be shared by users with lower reading comprehension skills. True information, on the other hand, tended to be less verbose and generate less interest among audiences. This research provides valuable insights into the characteristics of misinformation and how it spreads online. By recognizing the patterns of how false information diffuses and how users interact with it, we can identify the circumstances in which false and inaccurate messages are prone to becoming widespread. This knowledge can help us to develop strategies to counter the spread of misinformation and protect the integrity of democratic processes.

Nuances of Public Diplomacy: China in Chilean Op-Eds (2018-2021)

This paper explores editorials and opinion columns published in four Chilean mainstream newspapers and analyzes how China is represented within the context of Chinese economic advances in the region and the contextual narratives surrounding bilateral relations. Through a content analysis of editorials and opinion pieces of elite media between 2018 and 2021, this study allows an understanding of how China and its growing influence are perceived locally. Ultimately, despite an overall alignment with China's public diplomacy centered around an economiccommercial dimension, there are still nuances in how China is represented in Chilean op-eds.

Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes in people's lifestyles, mainly in healthy eating habits and behaviors. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the association of eating habits, family eating behaviors, lifestyles, and perception of nutritional status with the risk of overnutrition in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 661 Chilean children and adolescents. The study tool was an online self-report questionnaire taken during the COVID-19 lockdown. We observed overnutrition in 37.5%. Habits such as sleeping the recommended number of hours by age group and having healthy family behaviors decreased the risk of overnutrition by 49.0% (OR= 0.510, p= <0.001) and 10.8% (OR= 0.892, p= 0.01), respectively. Parents' perception of weight gain during the pande-mic, the distortion of nutritional status and the health risk of their children's nutritional status increased 4.8 (OR= 4.846, p= <0.001), 8.5 (OR= 8.580, p= <0.001) and 3.8 (OR= 3.826, p= <0.001) times, respectively, the risk of overnutrition in children and adolescents. In conclusion, the COVID-19 lockdown and school closures may have affected lifestyles. In addition, the role of parents in the perception of nutritional status and family eating behaviors is fundamental since they could be a predictor of the risk of overnutrition. These findings propose further research to design plans and programs to avoid the consequences related to overweight and obesity.Copyright © 2023, Sociedad Chilena de Nutricion Bromatologia y Toxilogica. All rights reserved.

A POST-COVID-19 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE CHILEAN NDC REVISION

Last year, Chile updated its Nationally Determined Contributions, moving from intensity-based emissions reductions to an effective emissions target. This paper aims to assess the economic and environmental impacts of this change in the current context of high uncertainty Chile faces with social protests and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the computable general equilibrium model GEMINI-E3, we performed a sensitivity analysis assuming different levels of economic growth through 2030. Though at first glance the revised commitments appear more ambitious, we found that they could lead to higher emissions in low-growth scenarios. The results show that intensity-based emissions targets indeed become less stringent when assuming high levels of economic growth and thus may result in highly uncertain effective emissions in 2030. On the other hand, given the uncertainty surrounding Chilean economic growth, the updated commitments would be politically more amenable as it would lead to lower welfare losses. In addition, we analyze different redistribution schemes of a CO2 tax and we show that a per capita redistribution rule makes the CO2 tax more progressive and thus fiscally more acceptable.

Aporte de los modelos matemáticos y la Big Data en sucesos epidemiológicos como el SARS Cov-2

The data unquestionably reflect the degree of impact it has had, not only on the mortality rate, but also on the economic indices of nations. In this context, the present study aims to analyze, from the theoretical mathematical models, what has been the contribution of this area of science to find and predict possible solutions to quell the effects of this global pandemic. For this purpose, statistical analyses based on three models will be used: non-linear phenomenological models, data modeling and the generalized logistic model, which are expected to contribute to a better evaluation and understanding of the measures taken to face this health crisis and, in the future, the importance of understanding the use of data and the technological tools available to mankind today in the face of any new virus. La modelación de datos es realizada por los modelos fenomenológicos más utilizados, para las enfermedades infecciosas;el modelo de Richards (RM) (1959), el modelo logístico generalizado (GLM) y el modelo de Richards generalizado (GRM) (1969), el primero de ellos es un modelo de crecimiento que considera cuatro variables, uno de sus parámetros permite modelar las curvas con mayor precisión, sin embargo, es criticado ya que este parámetro no tiene significado biológico.

[Validation of COVID-19 vaccines administered abroad: experience and challenges of implementation in ChileRegistro de vacinação contra a COVID-19: experiência e desafios relacionados com a implementação no Chile]. / Homologación de vacunas contra la COVID-19: experiencia y desafíos desde su implementación en Chile.

The objective of this article is to describe the experience in Chile, during 2021 and 2022, with the validation of COVID-19 vaccines administered abroad and the main obstacles during the implementation of this process. This validation is given throughout South America and, in the case of Chile, it has been a successful undertaking with the validation of more than two million vaccines from different countries. Validation is a systematic process involving reviews conducted by trained professionals, which helps maintain international relations with other countries and fulfill the objectives set forth by the health authority. Despite the project's success, it has brought to light situations such as digital gaps in the population and differences in the reporting systems and types of vaccines administered in each country. The following solutions have been proposed: a public contact center for users having difficulty with the technology; more flexible requirements for validation; and the possibility of continuing with the vaccination program in Chile, always focused on protecting the population, reducing the potential risk of disease transmission, and maintaining public health.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a experiência com o processo de registro de vacinação contra a COVID-19 no Chile em 2021 e 2022 e identificar os principais obstáculos encontrados na implementação. Na América do Sul, as vacinações são registradas e, no caso do Chile, esse foi um processo bem-sucedido, com a validação de mais de 2 milhões de vacinações feitas em outros países. Trata-se de um processo sistemático de revisão e aprovação realizado por profissionais capacitados, que permitiu manter as relações internacionais com outros países e cumprir os objetivos propostos pela autoridade sanitária. Apesar de seu sucesso, o projeto trouxe à tona vários entraves, como lacunas digitais na população, diferenças nos sistemas de registro de vacinação e discrepâncias nos tipos de vacinas administradas em cada país. Foram propostas soluções, como a criação de um centro de atendimento para usuários com dificuldades em lidar com a tecnologia, o relaxamento das exigências para obter o registro da vacinação e a possibilidade de continuar com o esquema de vacinação no Chile, sempre com o objetivo de proteger a população e, assim, reduzir o risco de transmissão da doença e preservar a saúde pública.

[Approval of CoronaVac in Brazil and Chile: some lessons on vaccine regulatory challengesA aprovação da CoronaVac no Brasil e no Chile: algumas lições sobre os desafios regulatórios de vacinas]. / La aprobación de CoronaVac en Brasil y Chile: algunas lecciones sobre los retos regulatorios de vacunas.

This analysis compares and systematizes some of the milestones (between December 2020 and October 2021) in the approval by Brazil and Chile of the CoronaVac vaccine made by the Chinese laboratory Sinovac, with regard to how the efficacy and immunogenicity of the vaccine was determined. To this end, a comprehensive analysis was conducted of official public documentation of the vaccine's approval in both countries; likewise, relevant technical articles on the subject, as well as dissemination and discussion in the media were considered. In both cases, a wide range of private and public actors expressed clearly competing interests in the measurement and dissemination of figures on the vaccine's efficacy. This reveals the challenges that middle-income countries face-and will continue to face-when certifying the quality of products in a pandemic period, and the need to institutionally strengthen regulatory authorities to ensure a sound and accurate evaluation of vaccine quality, in terms of safety and efficiency.

Esta análise compara e sistematiza alguns marcos da aprovação, no Brasil e no Chile, da vacina CoronaVac, do laboratório chinês Sinovac, de dezembro de 2020 a outubro de 2021, especificamente sobre como sua eficácia e imunogenicidade foram fundamentadas. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise exaustiva da documentação pública oficial sobre a aprovação da vacina em ambos os países. Da mesma forma, foram considerados artigos técnicos pertinentes sobre o assunto, e divulgações e discussões realizadas na mídia. Em ambos os casos, uma disputa de interesses de uma ampla gama de atores privados e públicos em torno da medição e divulgação dos números referentes à eficácia foi claramente expressa. Isso permite visualizar os enormes desafios que os países de renda média enfrentam e enfrentarão para certificar a qualidade dos produtos em um contexto epidemiológico de pandemia e a necessidade de fortalecer institucionalmente as autoridades reguladoras para viabilizar uma avaliação íntegra e acertada da qualidade das vacinas em relação a sua segurança e eficiência.